Analyze the role of a manager within the functional areas of business Essay

Analyze the role of a manager within the functional areas of business - Essay Example The essay critically analyzes the role of a manager within the functional area of business with regards to the University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module. Managers use the marketing role to identify the type of products and services they can offer their clients. The marketing role also allows managers to advertise their supplies to customers and ensure they meet the needs of their customers(Phoenix, n.d). Through marketing, managers learn how to create a good image for their business. Businesses that have consensus right from upper management to the other managerial positions have high chances of benefiting from the marketing role of a manager. But, managers should also have adequate knowledge about the various tools to use to get an edge over their competitors. Use of the best marketing tools such as SWOT analysis and marketing mix enables the manager convince the customers to purchase the products offered. Managers can use the SWOT analysis to identify the strengths, weaknesses, external opportunities and threats likely to affect the business(Phoenix, n.d). Also, successful managers take advantage of existing market inefficiencies to develop a unique selling point. For managers to be successful in their marketing role, they have to understand the different factors that can affect the success of their marketing campaign. The management role of managers involves coordinating and overseeing the work done by employees. Managers regularly check on the activities done in different departments to ensure they are in line with the goals of the organization. Managers must also have the unique capabilities to use employees effectively in order to achieve business success. They need to take time to interpret basic organizational values to the employees and create an effective work environment(Phoenix, n.d). Also, they must provide the necessary resources and

Biometric Identification and Privacy Implications Essay

Biometric Identification and Privacy Implications - Essay Example As compared to older technologies, the rate at which unique biometric identifiers can be inputted, reviewed, and confirmed dwarfs that of the way in which other personal markers of recognition have been stored and utilized in the past. One of the most effective biometric scans that work best to avoid/prevent security threats is that of the palm sensor. Within such a device, the individual fingerprints or palm prints of the individual are not scanned. Instead, it utilizes a complex sensor that determines the exact measurements of the hand or fingers as a means of ascertaining whether or not the individual has clearance to operate within a given role. Although such an approach is not immune to security threats, the overall level and complexity of the information that a hacker or leaker could pose would be somewhat minimal; as the measurements of a person’s hand or fingers alone are not sufficient to represent a clear breach of privacy. Other tactics, such as fingerprinting and/o r retinal scanning can easily be seen as a more â€Å"unique† identifier of an individual and as such represent a higher security threat in the case that the information is compromised, hacked, or unwillingly

Ownership Program of Wal-Mart Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ownership Program of Wal-Mart - Case Study Example As we know that labor unions heavily criticize Wal-Mart for avoiding unionization. What happens is that the company uses a 'union prevention program' i.e. meetings are held in stores where the managers or supervisors explain the consequences of unionization to the employees. Therefore due to this program, the employees in the North American stores are not unionized. As a result, a great deal of Wal-Mart unions has joined together to form a coalition called 'Wal-Mart Watch'. This group was formed so that the unions can put pressure on the company. The ultimate goal of this group is to unionize the employees of Mart-Wart and this coalition has targeted all the company's practices for its employees. This group has its own website called walmartwatch.com where it encourages the employees to file their complaints in a legal manner against the laws or regulations the company's management has violated against them. The solution to the given problems that are being faced Wal-Mart would be that if the company allows unionization then it would be able to stop the heavy criticism against the company and the company's reputation will not be damaged more. The company needs to implement unionization because today's union can be defined as the institution of the employees or workers of the company who have come together to achieve a common goal or an objective because they are considered to be open systems which are affected by their working environment and by political organizations. (Carrell & Heavrin, 2006) It's been believed that when the companies grow, the employees lose direct contact with the management of the company and therefore unions are created to help the worker's influence workplace decisions. It is through the unions that the workers were able to gain control over their jobs and the work environment of the company. It has also been recognized that the unions must address larger social issues of politics and economics to serve the best interests of their members. The labor unions of the 21st century are dealing with old issues but in new forms. For example, whose interest the unions are working for, this can be answered or described in 4 ways. And they are 1) qualified elite, 2) the core workforce, 3) peripheral employees and 4) workers who are unemployed. (Werther & Davis, 1996) Â  

Comparing the consequences of 1990s reforms in Latin America and East Essay - 1

Comparing the consequences of 1990s reforms in Latin America and East Europe - Essay Example After the adoption of the macroeconomic strategies in the 1990s, both regions had high hopes that the new models would produce dynamic economies and abandon the legacy of sluggish growth, which was evident in the 1980s. However, in practice, the results of the macroeconomic strategies were neither as effective as economic enthusiasts expected, nor as bad as economic critics predicted. Therefore, there is a need to take stock of the implications of policy implementation in the regions in the 1990s. This paper will examine the consequences of the 1990s reforms in East Europe and Latin America by examining the policies and anticipated outcomes for the reforms, as well as the consequences of these strategies. Latin America is among the world’s developing region. The region attained political autonomy roughly in the early 19th century. The colonial past, as well as the variety of primary products available for export, strongly influenced the economic development of the region’s societies. This is largely because it was through these export products that the societies entered the global system of production specialization during the last half of the 20th century. The marginal position of Latin American nations, which exported extractive or tropical agricultural crop to the developed world, was not conducive to interdependence among the region’s economies, particularly in the areas of investment and trade (Pop- Eleches 64). As a consequence, during the initial half of the 20th century, the region’s economies responded to economic crises through industrialization oriented towards domestic markets. The beginning of the 1980s witnessed massive economic changes in de veloped economies such as Great Britain and the US. Global inflation adversely affected the price of primary products produced in Latin America. This resulted in massive

Management and Graphical Front Ends Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and Graphical Front Ends - Assignment Example MySQL is officially pronounced /maÉ ªÃ‹Å'É›skju:ˈɛl/ ("My S-Q-L"),[2] but is often also pronounced /maÉ ªÃ‹Ë†si:kwÉ™l/ ("My Sequel"). It is named for original developer Michael Widenius daughter My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language.[3] The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation.[4] Members of the MySQL community have created several forks (variations) such as Drizzle, OurDelta, Percona Server, and MariaDB. All of these forks were in progress before the Oracle acquisition; Drizzle was announced eight months before the Sun acquisition. Free-software projects that require a full-featured database management system often use MySQL. Such projects include (for example) WordPress, phpBB, Drupal and other software built on the LAMP software stack. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale World Wide Web products, including Wikipedia, Google[5] and Facebook.[6] MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component of the widely used LAMP web application software stack  Ã¢â‚¬â€ the LAMP is an acronym for "Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP". Its popularity is closely tied to the popularity of PHP. MySQL is used in some of the most frequently visited websites on the Internet, including Flickr, Facebook, Google  Ã¢â‚¬â€ though not for searches, Nokia.com and YouTube. MySQL works on many different system platforms, including AIX, BSD, FreeBSD, HP-UX, i5/OS, Linux, Mac OS X, NetBSD, Novell NetWare, OpenBSD, OpenSolaris, eComStation, OS/2 Warp, QNX, IRIX, Solaris, Symbian, SunOS, SCO OpenServer, SCO UnixWare, Sanos, Tru64 and Microsoft Windows.  

The old Nurses story Essay Example for Free

The old Nurses story Essay Not to mention that it had a forbidden area called the east wing, which was never opened. People never dreamt of going there. Then we have the Darkness Out There, this story is based in a very similar way. It is based in a house, which is at the end of a forbidden wood called Packers End. This area was scary. You didnt go there by yourself, not even for a thousand pounds. It was nasty, creepy. People were scared stiff of Packers End. When children were younger they believed that witches, wolves and tigers existed there. That was until they found out about the German plane that had came down after the war, and an aircrew was killed there, people had heard them talking, still chattering in German. At the end of Packers End, there is a cottage, Mrs Rutters cottage. Both stories are narrated to young children by old female characters. The Old Nurses Story, is narrated by a nanny, and is told to the children, which she looks after. She seems to know a lot about the family history. Therefore not only does she share her story with the children to inform them about their family, but also to entertain them. The Darkness Out There, is narrated by a old cottage loaf women, who seemed composed of circles, a creamy smiling pool of a face, and eyes which snap and dart. Already we can judge Mrs Rutters character, we are made to feel that this woman is not as nice as she seems. She seems snidy, and very crafty. We can sense darkness, this is very symbolic. It connects to the title and we soon realise why. As the plot begins to unravel, we begin to see the darkness in Mrs Rutter, the narrator of the story. It is also narrated to young children. Both stories have used children for they are innocent, and easily influenced. This creates sympathy, yet suspense. Scary noises are very important conventions, probably one of the most important, and they are also used in both stories. In The Old Nurses Story, a great organ is heard playing, near the east wing. This was once played there by the late Lord Furnivall. In The Darkness Out There, airmen, witches, and wolves were said to be heard in Packers End. The noises create a tense atmosphere and suspense. We begin to feel scared, worried and wonder what is about to occur. It has a huge impact on the audience. The final similarity that I found interesting was that in both stories, the actions are influenced by death. In The Old Nurses Story, Lord Funivall, and Miss Furnivall both die. They are the ones that are luring their daughter Miss Rosamond to her death. In The Darkness Out There, Mrs Rutters husband is killed in the war. Therefore she refuses to help a German (enemies during the war) survive; instead she leaves him to die. Although both stories have many similarities, they also have many differences. The most obvious difference is that both stories are written in different time zones. The Darkness Out There is a contempary story. It was published post world war two, whereas The Old Nurses story was written in the 19th century, therefore they do have different writing styles. Nevertheless we cannot judge the effectiveness of the stories by knowing when they were written. We need to know the context and its conventions. However we can judge by looking at the main differences how and why a story is effective, and which particular ingredients make it effective. Firstly I looked at the aspect of fear in both stories. In The Old Nurses Story, ghosts are visual and non visual throughout the story. This is a an obvious ghost story, it is very effective, and would have been more effective at the time it was published, for ghosts were believed in and had huge impacts on life. They werent just fantasies as people regard them today. In The Darkness Out There, although there are myths of ghosts and witches, the story isnt based on a ghost. The only real fear is the evil darkness we find in Mrs Rutter. I also noticed that both stories are set in different types of weather. The Darkness Out There is based in summery weather; there is no sign of mysteriousness apart from what had previously happened in Packers End. Although we do have a little bad weather, heavy rain, evil is not symbolised through the weather. The Old Nurses Story, however has bad weather, it contains dark dull, stormy weather. A terrible winter. This is a typical symbol of evil and strange occurrences. Bad weather represents evil and makes everyone miserable. It builds a lot of tension and suspense. The final difference is the difference we learn about the storytellers. Although they are both old and female, what we do not realise are the hidden connotations, for both storytellers have different intentions. Soon we understand that Hester, the narrator in The Old Nurses Story is not telling the children the story with the intention to scare, but is informing them about their family. Mrs Rutter, narrator in The Darkness Out There, is totally different. She is very ill minded, she tells the children the story to scare them so that she can gain entertainment by watching them terrified. In other words, she scares children for pleasure. I think The Old Nurses Story is the most effective story. Although it contains all the typical ingredients, it does scare. The setting, weather symbolism and usage of ghosts combined together make it a very effective ghost story. It creates tension, suspension, and a startled atmosphere. It also leaves the audience intensified. I didnt think The Darkness Out There was a very effective ghost story. To be honest it doesnt even seem like a ghost story. Ghost stories are supposed to contain mysterious events, ghosts, and supernatural occurrences. The Darkness Out There doesnt scare the audience it just leaves them with a moral. That is never to stereotype people. It doesnt scare. I think ghost stories are effective because of the typical ingredients that they contain. A ghost story isnt a story without spooky occurrences. The idea of listening to a ghost story is to be scared. The Old Nurses Story creates this effect, and therefore I think it is the most effective. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Joseph Conrad section.

UK Protection of Interest of the Rights Holders

UK Protection of Interest of the Rights Holders INTRODUCTION In the 17th century, the economic investments of publishers and printing press where threatened by unlicensed copyist who were involved in unauthorised printings and reproduction of copyrighted material.[1] At that time, the common-law remedies were very in effective making the publishers to labour in vain. The introduction of the 1709 Statute of Anne put a landmark in the protection of copyright in literary works in the form of statutory monopolies and regulations, giving the authors exclusive rights and used to control the distribution of books by publishers.[2] The act provided a copyright which lasted for 14 years and if the author were still alive during the period of its expiry, the right will be returned to him for another 14 years, giving a total of a 28-year period.[3] The law on copyright started to develop and included things like sculptures, engravings and some others. The law of intellectual property (IP) has been closely linked with economic development and innovation. The case of Donaldson v Beckett established that copyright is considered to have a dual purpose.[4] The first purpose is to protect the interest of the right holders so they are encouraged to publish their works and make gains from it. The second purpose is to encourage creativity and innovation and the sharing of knowledge so that the public can have access to copyrighted work for learning purposes. As copyright developed a key issue arose which is need for legislators to strike a balance between the protection of the interest of the right holders and the promotion of innovation and creativity of the public at large. Legislature has worked hard to achieve a good balance as the size of the statute has increased over the years. The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA), is the current act which attempts to create the balance. These groups of conflicting interest argue that its interest should be prioritised by the legal framework but legislature should not prioritise any interest to achieve a balanced system.[5] This paper will discuss the current situation on how the UK achieves an effective balance between the protection of interest of the rights holders and the encouraging of innovation and creativity, by using the scope of copyright to find how it is necessary for economic growth. It will look at issue concerning the duration of copyright in UK. Finally, this paper takes a critical look at defence of fair dealings in the UK and compares it to fair use in US. This essay concludes that the law on copyright does not create an effective balance between the interest or the right holders and the encouragement of innovation and creativity. SCOPE OF COPYRIGHT Lessig defines the scope of copyright as the range of rights granted by the law.[6] The law of copyright has expanded and tried to adapt because of development in technology. In modern times, the law on copyright does not only cover publishing, printing of a creative work it extends to derivative works and all the steps previously taken by taken by authors to protect their works have been abolished by the rule that imposing authors to accept the protection offered by the law.[7]ÂÂ   Copyright work covers a wide range of materials and output and does not require any form of registration like patents or designs. To illustrate the extent to which copyright goes, in the case of Elanco v Mandops, the court established that the label with instructions on a barrel of herbicide is a literary work that is subject to copyright.[8]ÂÂ   The law tries to create a balance by making provisions for adequate protection and adequate access. The idea of this balance originated from the 1709 S tatute of Anne where it was established that the purpose of the act was for the Encouragement of Learning, by Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such Copies.[9] It was also established in the 1774 case of Donaldson v Beckett, where it saw the nature of copyright as distinct from traditional forms of property mainly because of its underlying social function.[10] Copyright work needs to be accessible and this can be explained in the following ways as the development of human society is based on derivation of the works of others. First, the public needs to have access to copyright work so that they can access the ideas of the works. The use of the idea is free from copyright infringement if the user will not copy the expression of the idea for the author. Second, the public involves two groups of people, which are the users who use the work as a source of learning and the potential authors who borrow ideas from them. If the works of the author are not a vailable, he will receive monetary rewards without contributing to the society and hindering economic development.[11] The protection of copyrights of the right holder is based on the basic idea of why should someone reap benefits from the work of another. Copyright has been closely linked with the economic principle of monopoly, it is often criticized to be harmful to the public interest in a free and open competition. They claim that it will give monopolist the power to increase the prices and they will make it difficult for these rights to be accessed. Adherents of this principle of monopoly have suggested that the monopoly exists in a temporary form to creators and innovators, and it incentivises for creativity through the offer of time limited on innovative investment and economic rewards.[12] In a system with poor IP rules where consumers can use goods without paying for them, no one will want to invest in innovation as it will put them at a competitive disadvantage and the output of useful works will start to diminish having a negative impact on the knowledge base of the society. THE DURATION OF COPYRIGHT In considering the extent to which the UKs law achieves a balance in copyright law, the duration of the law is an important factor to be considered. It is important because it determines when the work will be open to the public domain, if the term of copyright is too short it will have a negative effect on the right holders as they will not be motivated to create works when they cannot reap the benefits.[13] The duration of copyright has been controversial and there have been debates on the topic of how long copyright should last.[14] In the CDPA 1988, the length of copyright is the life time of the author with an additional 70 years for literary works. The length was initially lower by 20 years which was argued to be more than adequate. The question of why the copyright law has given such extended timeframe was answered in 1991 by The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) and it was also suggested in connection with a possible Protocol to the Berne Convention. The justification for length of copyright here was stated in the Preamble to the draft Directive saying: The Commission stresses the need to harmonise copyright and neighbouring rights at a high level of protection since these rights are fundamental to intellectual creation and their protection ensures the maintenance and development of creativity in the interest of authors, cultural industries, consumers and society as a whole.[15] The protection provided for authors is of positive value but by providing them with endless monopoly rights is detrimental to the security of the good of the public.[16] It can be argued that there was once a balance in 1790, where the Congress passed the first copyright law that was available for 14 years and renewable for another 14 years for works they wanted. The enactment of the new law has caused the public domain to be eroded rather than enriched.[17] The increase in the duration has caused a reduction in the creativity and causes problems that are harmful to its own purpose and welfare. From the economic perspective, extended periods of copyright will bring about an increase costs to the consumers by the additional payment and the cost of collection.[18] It can also be argued that this extended periods for copyright are not necessary to protect the commercial exploitation of works as they are rapidly exploited, they may be sold to gain part of gain from part of the royalties. [19] The length of copyright terms has deprived the public of creative inspiration and puts the public at a loss, which is the opposite of a motivation for further creation. With the situation in the UK it has become clear that the long-lasting copyright is cannot work in favour of the public, which is its main objective. FAIR DEALINGS Since the introduction of Copyrights Act in 1911, there have been different statutory defences that have been existing in relation to copyright infringement, and fair dealing is the most important of them all. Fair dealing in the UK is similar to the Fair use in USA. Fair dealings have been recognised by case law prior to the 1911 Act, which tries to strike a balance between the interest of the right holder and interest of the user for encouragement of innovation and creativity. This was supported in the Governments Green Paper which stated that: These exceptions are of obvious importance in that they seek to establish a proper balance between the legitimate interests of copyright owners and the legitimate desires of users of copyright material. [20] It covers three main areas which include private study and research, review and criticism and news reporting. Fair dealings for research and private study can be found in s29 of the Act. If the relevant conditions are met there will be no infringement of copyright for the purpose of research. The rule fair dealing also applies to dramatic, literary, musical or artistic works for research purposes but there must be no commercial benefit from it. An example of this is the case of Green Amps, where the High Court decided that there was a breach of the non- commercial restriction when copying took place in a non-commercial research which the end-product was a commercial product.[21] Fair dealings for criticism gives permission to the use of the work of others for criticising and reviewing work as long sufficient acknowledgement is given. The work must be published through an authorised act for this defence to apply. Fair dealings for the purpose of reporting current events applies to all works apart from photographs The term fairness does not have any defined meaning and it must be defined by the court. To determine fairness the court has a set of tests which it uses. There are 3 main factors for this test but they are not fixed.[22] The first is if the fair dealing is commercially competing with the authors exploitation of his work. The second factor is whether the work has been published to the public in some form, but still leaves the possibility of fair dealings with unpublished works. The third factor is the amount and the level of importance of the work that has been taken. It indicates that work should not be taken beyond what is reasonable or appropriate.[23] Other relevant factors have been set out in the case of Fraser-Woodward by Mann J, which list the factors above and others of relevance like the intended use of the work, whether the work has unreasonably prejudiced the interest of the author.[24] The UK law on fair dealings is often criticised as being inflexible, restrictive and impedes innovation and undermining its primary purpose of facilitating creation and the exchange of new works. On several occasions, it has been directly compared with the Fair use system adopted in US. The fair use has been described to be a flexible system, although it may have its disadvantages one of which is the uncertainty in the law,[25] it can still be argued to be a better system than that in the UK. The test for fair use in the US includes, first the purpose and character of use, the nature of the copyright work, the amount and substantiality of the portion used and the last relevant factor is the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.[26] The system in the US is more flexible and it is more of a general defence than the fair dealings as it gives the court the opportunity give room for new exceptions or the modification of existing ones as we conti nue to experience development in technology.[27] In a system with an open-ended defence there is less need to worry about the changes that might occur in the future as the flexibility of the law is enough to adapt to changes. The current state of fair dealing can also be seen to restrict the development of scholarly works. The British Library commissioned a paper that criticised UKs copyright law saying it has to be redefined as it brings about difficulty in licencing works, as permission is needed from the right holder.[28] If the source cannot be found, the work cannot be used and this reduces the quality of research.ÂÂ   The law regarding fair dealing are not in line with the interest of the users and the creatives. They are illegitimate and they restrict innovation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the area of law which copyright should cover is forever increasing, so the legislative body of the law must stay in tune with these changes and it is left with the task to strike a balance between the interest rights holder and the encouragement of innovation and creativity. The scope of copyright law is very broad and almost any right material could fall under this therefore making it difficult to control and strike a balance in the law. The imbalance in the law will hinder the encouragement of creativity and will have an effect on economic development. The duration of the copyright has been an issue and will always be. Its excessive length is an interruption to the process of creativity and innovation. Although it has a long list of problems it still has not found a reason to start rethinking alternatives. The fair dealing is another important area of copyright law and in the UK, it is very rigid compared to that of the US and it does not cover works that may come about in the future. There might need to be a reform in this area of the law. The law in UK has been making a conscious effort to strike a balance between the interest of the shareholders and the encouragement of creation and innovation of the public but it is argued here to be inadequate. BIBLIOGRAPHY Calum Docherty, Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Reforming Fair Dealing in English Copyright Law, Law School GDL Christopher John Adduono, Rebalancing Copyright Law [2015], Faculty of Business and Law, 1-355 Duke, Copyright Should Fair Dealing be replaced by Fair Use? 2011 Eva Garmpi, Alternatives to Copyright [2006] KLS LLM Gillian Davies, Copyright and the Public Interest [1997] Hua, J. J. (2013). Toward a more balanced approach: rethinking and readjusting copyright systems in the digital network era. Chapter 2 Laddie, Justice, Copyright: over-strength, over-regulated, over-rated? E.I.P.R. 1996, 18(5), 253-260 Professor Ian Hargreaves, Digital Opportunity, A Review of Intellectual Property and Growth [2011] CASES Donaldson v Beckett [1774] 4 Burr. 2408 Elanco Products ltd v Mandops (Agrochemical Specialist) Ltd [1979] FSR 46 Fraser-Woodward Ltd v BBC [2005] EWHC 472 (Ch), [2005] 28(6) IPD 11 Green Amps [2007] EWHC 2755 (Ch) [21]-[23] PCR Ltd v Dow Jones Telerate Ltd [1998] EMLR 407, [1998] FSR 170 [1] Laddie, Justice, Copyright: over-strength, over-regulated, over-rated? E.I.P.R. 1996, 18(5) [2] Ibid. [3] Hua, J. J. (2013). Toward a more balanced approach: rethinking and readjusting copyright systems in the digital network era. Chapter 2 [4] Donaldson v. Beckett [1774] 4 Burr. 2408 [5] Christopher John Adduono,2015, Rebalancing Copyright Law, University of Southampton Faculty of Business and Law, pp. 1 [6] Eva Garmpi, Alternatives to Copyright [2006] KLS LLM [7] Ibid. [8] Elanco Products ltd v Mandops (Agrochemical Specialist) Ltd [1979] FSR 46 [9] Hua, J. J. (2013). Toward a more balanced approach: rethinking and readjusting copyright systems in the digital network era. Chapter 2 [10] Donaldson v Beckett [1774] 4 Burr. 2408 [11] Hua, J. J. (2013). [12] Professor Ian Hargreaves, Digital Opportunity, A Review of Intellectual Property and Growth [2011] [13] Ibid. [14] Davies G, Copyright and the Public Interest (VCH, 1994), Page 194 [15] ibid, page 198 [16] Eva Garmpi, (2006) Alternatives to Copyright, KLS LLM Dissertation [17] ibid, page 12 [18] Professor Ian Hargreaves 2011, Digital Opportunity A Review of Intellectual Property and Growth [19] Eva Garmpi, (2006) Alternatives to Copyright, KLS LLM p.11 [20] Gillian Davies, Copyright and the Public Interest [1997] [21] [2007] EWHC 2755 (Ch) [21]-[23] [22] Duke, Copyright Should Fair Dealing be replaced by Fair Use? 2011 [23] PCR Ltd v Dow Jones Telerate Ltd [1998] EMLR 407, [1998] FSR 170 [24] Fraser-Woodward Ltd v BBC [2005] EWHC 472 (Ch), [2005] 28(6) IPD 11 [25] Duke, Copyright Should Fair Dealing be replaced by Fair Use? [26] Laddie, Justice, Copyright: over-strength, over-regulated, over-rated? [27] Ibid. [28] Calum Docherty, Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Reforming Fair Dealing in English Copyright Law, Law School GDL