The Jungle Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Jungle Analysis Essay The Jungle is written about a man, a woman, and family movin to Chicago from Lithuania, dicovering it is difficult to survive, let alone get a job. The first major theme of the jungle socialism as a remedy for the evils of capitalism. Every event is chosen to show the failures of capitalism. As members of jurgiss family dies. It demonstrates the effects of capitalism on the working class as a whole. The second major theme is the immigrant experience. This shThe Jungle is written about a man, a woman, and family movin to Chicago from Lithuania, dicovering it is difficult to survive, let alone get a job. We will write a custom essay on The Jungle Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first major theme of the jungle socialism as a remedy for the evils of capitalism. Every event is chosen to show the failures of capitalism. As members of jurgiss family dies. It demonstrates the effects of capitalism on the working class as a whole. The second major theme is the immigrant experience. This shows that all immigrants coming to look for high wages, and happyiness for everyone is not the case. Not everyone gets jobs, especially Immigrants. The Author is trying to say that capitalism is inhuman, destructive, unjust, brutal, and violent.The jungle is a very intuitive show of how immigrants looking for golden streets and expensive mansions was destroyed by the effects of Capitalism.ows that all immigrants coming to look for high wages, and happyiness for everyone is not the case. Not everyone gets jobs, especially Immigrants. The Author is trying to say that capitalism is inhuman, destructive, unjust, brutal, and violent.The jungle is a very intuitive show of how immigrants looking for golden streets and expensive mansions was destroyed by the effects of Capitalism. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

Elements of Marketing Mix

Elements of Marketing Mix The marketing mix is comprised of four core elements that enhance marketing of items and services. Without these elements, marketing would be irrelevant and that is why every business has to observe them. The elements include product, place, price and promotion. This paper will therefore focus on these four elements and their impact towards the growth of a business. In addition, the paper will include an example that elaborates the application of the four elements in real life situation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Marketing Mix specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Product is the first element of marketing mix, which refers to an item or a service. The features of an item are its strongholds because they lead the customer into buying it. This means that the items will literary market themselves. For instance, fresh vegetables attract customers while they are still on the shelf and thus, the attributes of an item must make the customer feel that his/her needs will be satisfied. Kotler Keller (2009) suggest that the features can be enhanced by improving the appearance of the item by focusing on areas like packaging, warranties and design. In marketing, what matters most is to capture the attention of the customer. Buyers prefer items that are packed in appealing designs. Moreover, items with warranties on them attract customers because it makes them feel safe when making the purchase because they are assured of getting back their money in case the item turns to be faulty. The second element in marketing mix is place, and it entails identifying the appropriate channel of reaching the potential customer. A business entity must then familiarize itself with the areas that are most frequented by customers. For instance, a florist is most likely to get customers if he/she is situated next to a hospital or a mortuary. This suggests that marketing is greatly influenced by place and thus, an enterprise must position itself in a strategic position. In other words, Kumar (2007) explains that the marketer must identify the areas where his/her services are most needed. This requires one to scan the environment, identify a loophole, and proceed to fill it. For instance, the services of a veterinary cannot be needed in an urban center because there is hardly any form of farming in the cities and thus it would be advisable for such a professional to market him/herself in the rural areas. Price is the third element and it refers to the cost of the item/service. Seller and his /her position in the distribution chain determine the cost of an item. In production chains, there are manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. Each of these parties engages in the trade for a profit. Retailers sell at a higher price because they have to cater for the expenses incurred by wholesalers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your firs t paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, wholesalers trade at subsidized rates because they do not spend much to obtain the finished product. According to Bennett (2009), a businessperson should also remember to compare his/her prices with those of the competitors. If the items are of the same quality, then he/she should reduce his/her prices slightly as this will give him/her a cutting edge in the market. In the end, the business will be making less profit while increasing the sale volume, which amounts to higher returns. Promotion is the last element of marketing mix, and it involves informing the customers about a given item/service. In this approach, the customer is notified about the item/service through commercials that are aired on TV, radio, internet, newspapers and billboards among others. When choosing the medium of advertising it is important to analyze the possibilities of reaching the targeted audience. The option with the highest probability s hould thus be employed to increase chances of success. In this regard, Sony is the best example for a company that utilizes the elements of marketing mix. The company manufactures electronics such as TV sets, Hifi systems and computer accessories such as flash disks. The company has been able to market itself by improving the features of its products. For instance, the current Hifi systems can support flash disks besides being compatible with digital compact disks. The company is not the sole manufacturer of the above-mentioned products and thus, it reviews its prices to leverage itself with its competitors. This company advertises its items through the internet because it is the cheapest medium. However, the company still airs some of its commercials via TV adverts and billboards. In conclusion, an item must have the appropriate qualities because customers are induced by these attributes. The features must be aligned with the needs of the customers otherwise; the item will remain i n the shelves. The item should consider the interests of the buyers. If the buyers want comfort then the item should include this attribute in the item. The marketer should also concentrate on the people who are most likely to require his/her item/service. Targeting the wrong people would be a waste of time and resources. Every buyer is usually interested in a unique item that is less costly and thus, a business entity should address the issue of price. However, the price slash must be considerate for the business to remain stable. Marketers should consider advertising their items/services through the appropriate media. They should specifically take advantage of the Internet because it interconnects the world in real time. References Bennett, G. A. (2009). The Big Book of Marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Marketing Mix specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kotler, P. Keller, K . L. (2009). Marketing Management (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Kumar, S. R. (2007). Marketing and Branding: The Indian Scenario. New Delhi Dorling: Kindersly.

Consolidated Electric Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Consolidated Electric - Case Study Example Contrastingly, for the other 20,000 separate line items, the company will buy discount minimums that match the various inventory sizes. In the warehouses managed by Consolidated Electric, for instance, Cedar Rapids, Des Moines, Davenport, and Sioux City should ensure the fixed ratios are part of the wholesaler concept. In the same view, actual rations should be calculated using the clerk posts transactions because determining on-hand inventory balance will result to $1 million of pre-tax profits. Integration of the vendor-managed inventory (VMI) systems is equally part of increasing customer stocks as the company expands on operations and warehouse layout (Ravindran, 2007). Calculation of quantities and reorder points, thus, are ordered in terms of low-cost items in order to control profitability that are targets for earn-turn rations. Product lines should equally reflect what Joe Henry called a balance between constant values and supplies in the four warehouses as seen in the diagram below: The above inventory control system above will enable the company to meet customer-service and cost objectives in various ways worth noting. First, entering of electric data interchange is part of refining database connectivity because it generates earn-turn ratios that help wholesalers in different parts of the country. It means when the Cardex system is infused in the Consolidated Electric’s case, inventory formulas will help in the sale of product line items that ensure translations happen smoothly. Second, there is also the quantification of assets and label inventory using the QR Code as noted in the second diagram to keep the total count of stock (Jaber, 2009). Warehouse operations also deserve automations and controls that are efficient within the system to assist in the calculation of electrical equipment and goods for enhancing customer

RA #6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RA #6 - Assignment Example Several possible solutions, including technical issues, computer failure, sick relatives, and acceptance of the mistake were presented. We agreed on accepting our mistake and seek for additional time. The other creative problem solving technique in a group set-up is the excursion technique. It is very useful for triggering group members to develop innovative thought patterns for formulate strategies. This method takes place in four five basic stages. In the first step, the consultant asks members to go for an imaginary excursion and take note of what they see. The second step involves creating analogies to what they saw with the problem at hand. Thirdly, each of these group members has to try and develop a solution from the analogy they created with what was seen in step one. In the fourth step, the participants share their experiences of the excursion: what they saw, analogies created, and solution. The final stage is more or less like brainstorming where the most suitable solution is

Boston Tea Party Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Boston Tea Party - Research Paper Example Boston Tea Party indeed happened to be one of the first significant acts of defiance against the British. It did put to test the sovereignty of the British Parliament and the King. It put to question the British right of ruling a people who were not only losing touch with Britain but were also getting increasingly sovereign and independent. The Boston Tea Party marked the colonies frustration over representation and laid down the foundation of the future notion of self governance. To put it simply, in the history of the United States, the Boston Tea Party signified the spirit of change, radical action and an idea of governance accruing moral bearing from the actual will of the people. It would be really interesting to delve into the political genesis of the Boston Tea Party. For the British the victory in the French and the India wars did indeed turn out to be utterly costly (Volo 238). Thereby the British monarchy and the Parliament did look to taxing the American colonies as a possible way out of bearing with the high costs incurred during the French and the Indian wars in 1763 (Volo 238). Besides the Britain was also looking forwards to consolidate its hold over the American colonies that had become increasingly distant and independent as the home nation remained embroiled in wars. The political ineptitude of Britain culminating in a series of taxes like the Stamp Act of 1765, the Townsend Acts of 1767 and the hurting and painful Boston Massacre immensely innervated and agitated the colonies and badly impacted their relationship with Britain, leading to much mutual resentment and disappointment (Volo110). Eventually it was the British ploy to tax the tea consu med by the colonies that laid down the foundations of the Boston Tea Party. The colonists refused to pay many of the levies imposed by the British Parliament, denying abiding by the taxes that were envisioned and imposed by a political institution in which they were denied any

Discussing the relationship between Strategic Management and Leader

Discussing the relationship between Strategic Management and Leader In this assignment its going to be discussed about the strategic management and leadership. It will be analyzed and the relationship between the strategic management and leadership. The organization which will use to describe the link between strategic management and leadership is ACCOMMODATION TIMES and it will discuss about the impact of strategic management and leadership on the organization and how they work. Management and leadership Understanding the relationship between strategic management and leadership Leadership involves the quality  to lead whereas the strategic management involves the way the goals of the organisation are achieved. The leadership works towards the achievement and implementation of the strategic goals in a way that it moves ahead in a smooth manner. The strategies are been made by the leadership of the organisation. This involves the management and the way the targets of the organisation are been achieved with the strategies that are been laid down. The link between the strategic management and leadership are remotely related to each other , the way the leadership is working on the achieving the goals that are set is the work of the leadership of the organisation to deal with it. This involves the exact functioning of the organisation. According to Neil Ritson Strategic management is the organised development of the resources of the functional areas which are financial , manufacturing , marketing , technological , manpower etc, in the pursuit of its objective it is the use of all the entity resources, It is a set of policies adopted by senior management, which guides the scope and direction of the entity. It takes into account the environment in which the company operates. (Neil Riston, 2008) LEADERSHIP: In Audrina words a leadership is when you guide the organization into a result that your group has agreed upon. You and the rest of the team have a defined understanding to determine the ability and to articulate visions and goals. Leadership is said seen just as a facet of successful manager. It usually works on precedence for strategic planning and management and long-term success. (Audrina Majella, 2008) Leadership is a skill which a person develop through the experience for example in Accommodation Times general assistant after having experience become the Genaral Manager they never appoint a Genral Manager straight away because leadership you learn through experience and strategic management through courses and trainings. LINK BETWEEN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP: A leadership is the bridge between strategic management and their target .its because of a leadership that organization gets their desired tasks and targets Management is responsible for people and resources in a unit according to rules or values that have already been set while the leadership set a direction to the people in group. It can understand the link between strategic management and leadership by this example that good leadership and effective management are always the of success in any organization so both of these are the skills which going side by side without management a good leadership can only satisfy for the time being not in a long term same as an effective management is nothing without the good leadership. When great leadership is jointed with effective management, you are able to set a direction and be able to allocate the resources the way you want. Not only that, you will achieve your goal the way you have thought and the way you want to achieve. Analyse the impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decisions The decisions made by the management  are a unique way of implementing it, so the decisions that are made by the, management impact the organisation. So it is essential for the strategic decisions to be made perfect in a way that it works out for the organisation as a success. At times if the Leadership of the organisation fails to make a perfect decision in the perfect manner then the strategies are falling apart and the targets of the goals that are been set are not been achieved .So the leadership is the core thing that has to formalise the strategies in such a way that the impact of the decisions that are been made in a success. The leadership should make such strategies in such a manner that the organisations various departments re able to achieve and work on it with efficiency. Evaluating how leadership styles can be adapted to different situations. Origin of strategic management is based on :- The traditional perspectives which involves the  Economic entity The resource based view of the firm its  a collection of resources skills and abilities The stake holder approach  a network of relationships among the firm and its stakeholders Strategic Management:- Strategic Management is a is a process to establish priorities on what we have to achieve in the coming future for the organisation and the Leadership of the organisation is responsible for not only making it but implementing it to success Strategic management  forces us to make a choice on what has to be done and what is not to be done, whereas the leadership is the one which decides on the same. Leadership helps to bring the entire organisation together for the achieving the targets. Whereas the strategic management helps to put the entire organisation in a single game plan so that they move ahead together in a same direction rather than helter shelter situation. So this helps in the execution of the game plan effectively which will be done with the effective leadership qualities of the management of the organisation We need to put down the guideline where the resources has to be allocated so that the allocated resources work out effectively in a success formula Nature of strategic management involves  Ã‚   A global perspective for the survival of the businesses One of the vital tools is an e-commerce The other important thing in it is the natural environment, which deals basically with the strategic issue. The nature of the leadership involves bringing the perspective to the The 3 stage process of it involves Formulation of strategy Implementation And evaluation Sm achives organisational success My Organisation of findings is Accommodation Times Accommodation Times was started by Mr. Murari Chaturvedi in the early eighties. It is the first real estate newspaper of India. The Idea behind this was a simple idea by the founder of this newspaper to start a fully dedicated newspaper for real estate in India. During this there were a lot of problems been faced by him, which saw Mr.Chaturrvedi to even give up his job of the prestigious Times of India Group Of newspaper. At present, Accommodation Times is one of the largest newspapers of Real estate newspaper in India. It covers various aspects of real estate, giving various dimensions to real estate in India. It is broadly been centralised from Mumbai but the subscription reaches all across the Indian State. It is been run by a very short but a dedicated staff involving the family members Mr. Murari Chaturvedi.It has been recognised by the former President of India Dr.Abdul Kalam for the work towards the Indian Real Estate Industry. It is published every two weeks. The current executive editor is Dr. Sanjay Chaturvedi; the chief executive officer is Ajay Chaturvedi The Goal of the Workers in the organisation is to bring about a proper knowledge of the Real estate to the uneducated Indian Real estate market. The organisation runs a series of development lectures and educates the industry people about the various factors that need to be looked into and learnt in the industry. There are various courses even been run by the organisation to teach the young guns of India about the vast scope and proper knowledge of Real Estate. The basic Idea of the Organisation if to make Industry recognition from the government of India and simultaneously highlighting  and educating the masses about the real estate industry. The core focus of the organisation still remains on the News of the real estate but during the years the focus has been shifted from  time to time. Listing education of the industry, proper way of the channelizing the objectives and the functioning of the real estate sector of the industry. The Objectives of the organisation now also involves education, strengthening of the realtors, clean and efficient news. The conclusion The organisation is successfully implementing the strategies and the leadership is effectively working and polishing the complete team and is constantly working on the improvement of the organisation. The leadership has been constantly on the high standards. The leadership has been an example for the complete industry. The strategies which were been laid down during the inception of the Newspaper has been achieved succesfully.The leadership and the strategies laid down have worked efficiently and worked together in tandem. The skills that the leadership has brought about the success Task 2 2.1 Management and leadership theories in the organization Accommodation Times Management Leadership Concepts in the organisation:- In accommodation Times the Management and the leadership is focusing on the continueos expansion of the newspaper through the various means of the channel of the advertisemenst and anlso by improving the better standard of the the news that is imparted to the people or say the reader of the newspaper. The core focus of the management and the leadership is to focus on a time and time again on the spread of the knowhow of the real estate and giving more knowhow to the common man , so that there are more and more number of people that are in the habit of reading of the newspaper . The increase in the base of the readership only gives a brand value but the core finances that are being brought to the Newspaper are through the channel of the advertisements. As the advertisements cover the cost of the printing and even get the maximum profit to the newspaper. So following this strategy the newspaper has a core team which is designed under the leadership of the CEO Mr. Ajay Chaturvedi so that the hurdles are cleared very easily for the team. In this way the team gets a direct support of the higher management for their assistance so that whenever they look out for an answer or a help they get it through the Higher Management in the form of the CEO Mr. Ajay Chaturvedi. The Editorial team is focusing on bringing on those issues to light that are of a unique important to the common man who is reading the newspaper And on the other hand the Editor in chief is focusing on maintaining the dignity and maintaining the values of the organisation , so that never any values are being compromised for the sake of any monetary gains and any of the ethics that the newspaper has been following since the last 3 decades , that should not be compromised that is the main focus of the Editor in chief. In this was the organisation is having its concepts clear to each and every department and that brings about to the very good balance between the work of the Management the leadership theory of the organisation Most common theories used in the organization The three theories that are followed are:- Transformational leadership Transformational leadership is a leadership approach that is defined as leadership that creates valuable and positive change in the organisation. Transformational leadership is a type of  leadership style  that leads to positive changes in those who follow. Transformational leaders are generally energetic, enthusiastic and passionate. Not only are these leaders concerned and involved in the process; they are also focused on helping every member of the group succeed as well. (About .com phycology) In the organisation Accommodation Times the leadership plays a very vital role in the changes that the newspaper adopts and has seen over the last few decades since the the inception of the newspaper. The higher management has a good amount of the influence on the way to the others who are working in the organisation. So we can see such kind of leadership in the organisation Charismatic Leadership The Charismatic Leader gathers followers through dint of personality and charm, rather than any form of external power or authority. Charismatic leadership is leadership based on the leaders ability to communicate and behave in ways that reach followers on a basic, emotional way, to inspire and motivate. We often speak of some sports and political leaders as charismatic (or not) an example being John F. Kennedy. (From Wikipedia) In accommodation Times the leaders or say the higher Management are very charismatic in the way they get or approach to the lower management or even to their clients as well, so when it is looked in that the way the finances re been brought in the form of the advertisement are totally based on the charisma of the higher management and the leaders, if said to be precise. Emotional Intelligence:- Emotional intelligence is the aptitude, volume,  skill. A self-perceived ability to identify, assesses, and controls the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups. Different models have been proposed for the definition of Emotional intelligence and there is disagreement about how the term should be used. Despite these disagreements, which are often highly technical, the ability and trait models (but not the mixed models) enjoy support in the literature and have successful applications (From Wikipedia) The organisation accommodation times also have a very subtle but effective approach on this theory as they have been involved in that true reporting and have been efficiently involved in the spread of the know how about the industry and the standards of the industry that are existing that they give to the common people to read and get aware about.in this way it is very evident that leadership Is following the emotional path or approach very subtle as they never succumb under the pressure of the newspaper advertises. 2.2 Leadership Strategy for sustenance of the Organisational guidelines:- There are very simple but effective approach that the organisation is following and the way it is been handled in the last few decades speaks for itself. The organisation follows the concept of spreading the knowhow to the common man in the city and the country, that what is the real estate and how it is effecting and how it is functioning in the country and the city. The organisational also follows the approach of true reporting and follows the guidelines to implement it so that it is never been compromised over in the functioning of the newspaper. The team works on the guidelines that are been laid down by the Editor in Chief since the inception of the newspaper. Assistance Theory:- The organisation is having a very good and open theory when it comes to approaching the different in the organisation. The CEO even function with the lower level of the management and even the lower level of the management has an environment in which they can approach to the various different departments in the organisation. SO at any time when anyone who is requiring any assistance then they get it directly. This maintains the way of working in a very efficient manner, as there is assistance for each and every one in the organisation whenever it is required and necessary. Team Leader Behaviour Approach in Accommodation Times:- The team leader of the organisation are very efficient and able to lead and represent the team and the industry as well, so there is a sense of relax environment in the organisation that whenever there is a assistance or the way the work is functioning in the organisation. So the way in which the behaviour approach in the organisation goes about to read it is very obvious that the team leaders in the organisation is going about to the way of their work or the guidelines that the various are following.Comapritavely it is very good leading environment in the organisation. Management Role Transactional Theory in Accommodation Times:- The role of the management in the Accommodation times is a very vital role been played in the organisation so that the smooth functioning of the newspaper is being carried on from time to time. The management plays a very vital role in pushing the lower level of the organisation for the work in the office. Also the Management pushes the financial generating in the organisation so that the newspaper is going on the path of success from time to time. Task 3 3.1 current leadership requirements Overview Current leadership requirements in Accommodation Times:- The organisation is focusing on spreading its wings and the subscription on the overseas market so that they can get a very good amount of the overseas advertises as well. As the patronage leadership is and has been focusing on the city and maximum to the country only and this has the middle level management, as the middle level is all set to expand its wings to the international level. The middle or to say the newer generation has a few different guideline that are to be followed in the expansion of the newspaper to the overseas market ,as there has to be certain values and the ethics that has to be compromised. So the editor and the editor in chief are very adamant to follow the change and the expansion with the compromising of the ethics and the values. So the team which is working on the expansion. Generic challenges are the challenges that the organisation is facing in the generic way, to learn this out we have to study the whole way of functioning of the organisation or say various types of challenges that arise. Few examples that can be told are like:- 1) Competition 2). Quality 3). Innovation 4). Retaining competent resources 5). Training 6). Reducing cost 7). System improvement 8). Increase sales, productivity 9). Customer Satisfaction 10).Value addition 11).Adapting changes A Virtual Organisation (VO) is a dynamic pool of distributed resources shared in a trusted way by a dynamic set of users belonging to one or more organizations.   In which major processes are outsourced to partners. Best it can be defined is a company is one whose members are geographically apart, usually working by computer  e-mail  and groupware  while appearing to others to be a single, unified organization with a real physical location. Examples of few of the virtual organisation are Facebook Google Microsoft Wikileaks These are a few of the virtual organisation that are existing in the present times and are very famous as well. This type of organisation has given a very diverse effect in the current global environment. Diversity as a characteristic of the organisation goes further: one is only satisfied when not only the numbers are right, but also when everyones talents, input and assets are used, as a result of which the relevant organisation can serve a wider group of customers and become a stimulating workplace for all employees. Power theories there is a situation of established people and outsiders (as far as this organisation is concerned) the dominant or self-evident will be the norm (this how we do it here) and the minority is often described in negative terms as a deviation from the dominant, so forcing the minority party often to prove that his or her way of working is possibly different but need not necessarily be worse. Cultural differences Differences in culture often manifest themselves in the way in which people deal with instructions, arrangements, conflicts and leadership; all aspects which impact upon how smoothly a multicultural organisation runs. Apart from cultural differences  as such there are dimensions which are connected to a class background, or sex of course, which also impacts upon how people experience the interaction between them. Identity theories Everyone has  different identities:- A sexual identity (man/woman), an ethnic identity (black/ white/immigrant) but also for example a job identity. At which moment is one being addressed in which identity and foremost who determines this. Diverse workforce The reasons for promoting diversity are pretty obvious: to contribute to a fairer society, improve the quality of staff by reaching untapped pools of talent and to increase consumer confidence in a workforce that reflects the clients that it provides services. Some of these differences are relatively unproblematic such as eye colour and hairiness, while others cause us to consider carefully how we treat certain groups. Examples of the latter include education, culture, gender, language, socio-economic backgrounds, religion and sexuality, as well as ethnicity. A useful concept of diversity will therefore incorporate these differences. Ethnicity is certainly one of the most important types of diversity, both because of how closely people identify themselves with their ethnic origin and because of the large disparities in areas such as education and employment between different ethnicities. However, things are moving in the right direction. This is what Accommodation Times has noted down as in the form adjustments for a few employees:- If you have dyslexia and need extra time during assessments. If you use sign language we will make an interpreter available for your interview If you use a wheelchair or have limited mobility we can ensure your interview takes place in an accessible room If you have back pain and need to stretch we can provide breaks in an interview. The need for a diverse workforce is part and parcel of the human resource requirements associated with successful continuous quality improvement initiatives. A diverse workforce in which the contributions of each member-faculty, staff, or administrator, are respected and valued is an institutions most important asset. Such a workforce is able to synthesize a variety of perspectives and processes for the successful completion of tasks. Employers can build on established individual and group strengths and develop policies that create an environment to get the best out of each individual. Interim leadership:- Usually an Organisation leader retains the leadership until his or her successor takes over; however, in some situations this is not possible. This may be because the leader passes away or because a leader is forced to resign due to controversy or scandal before a convention can be organized because a leader is forced to recontest his or her leadership or because a new department is incorporated from existing organisations caucuses. Sometimes an outgoing leader decides to resign immediately in order to ensure organisational unity. This is because he or she has accepted an appointment or been elected to another position, or they have lost their seat in a general election and are unable or unwilling to attempt to contest. When a sudden vacancy occurs an interim leader is appointed by the organisations caucus or the chief executive. Changes in reporting and control Changes to the Reporting on Controls at an Organization have evolved over the years for many reasons including: changes in financial reporting to user organizations; changes in the control environments of service organizations; changes in the technology available to the service organizations and the requests of user organizations therein 4.1 Development and leadership skills:- Leadership development is one of those things that are often awfully hard to define but you know when you see it, and you definitely know when its missing.   Indeed Leadership is one of those areas about which a huge amount is said while at the same time leaving big questions hanging in the air unanswered. Essential Skills of Leadership development in the organisations Good Communication: Effective communication is a two-way process sending the right message, that is also being correctly received and understood by the other person/s. Being Articulate: Being articulate can be wonderful until you find out that society uses two languages. A second vocabulary has to do with symbolic meaning and not exact meaning. It is called words for words sake. For those who are never taught this mental illness can bring about a collapse of language as the mind enters the realm of confusion and fear Think On Your Feet:-the people in the organisation need to follow this line of thinking so as to that there is a smooth functioning and a clear understanding of the various views that are and will be raised on time to time basis. Humour: Humour is by far the most significant activity of the human brain.Humor brings insight and tolerance. Irony brings a deeper and less friendly understanding Flexibility. So this has to be understood by the leadership of the organisation so as to be very chirpy as well Integrity: Adherence  to  moral  and  ethical  principles in the organisation means that there is integrity in the organisation. Compelling Presence:-there should be a very effective and a good way of presence of the leadership and the various departments in the organisations, so as to maintain the smooth functioning of the organisation. That can only be achieved by the means of compelling presence 4.2 Report on the usefulness of the methods used to plan the development of leadership skills: Conclusion: Role of strategic management is much bigger than leadership and it can be said that leadership is involved to get the strategic goal defined on the behalf of company owner or share holder. Leadership is developed through the experience and development activities. A smart leader should have the ability to identify the current and future needs of the leadership.

Monogamy and Marriage: The Battle Between Biology and the Buck Essay

Monogamy and Marriage: The Battle Between Biology and the Buck Monogamy does not imply fidelity (Fisher 63), and marriage does not imply monogamy. To understand this surprising statement, the word "monogamy" must be interpreted in a biological sense, and marriage in a legal sense. In other words, monogamy is just two people in a relationship for their mutual benefit, perhaps involving an extended family and children. Monogamy does not necessarily mean a life-long relationship, but it can, nor does it exclude occasional philandering. It is monogamy as long as two people maintain a pair-bond for their mutual benefit, no matter how short the relationship lasts. Marriage, on the other hand, legally recognizes many different mating systems from monogamy to polygamy. The association between monogamy, fidelity, and marriage has been the concern of religion over the years. It is said that Saint Augustine, who lived from A.D. 354 to 430, spread the Christian idea that adultery is a moral transgression for both men and women. Even the Ten Commandments forbid adultery. This attitude toward adultery, Fisher says, has long influenced the Western view of monogamy (84). In other words, religion has tried to moralize monogamy by injecting the belief that adultery is sinful and monogamy is permanent. Therefore, monogamy in a biological sense, contrary to the religious sense, does not necessarily connote sexual faithfulness of the partners, nor is it necessarily long term. Actually monogamy had developed long before religion became interested. According to Fisher’s estimate, nearly every human society has been monogamous to some degree (69), and she claims that human beings have a biologically natural preference for mo... ...cause the word â€Å"love† will never disappear from the dictionary. Works Cited Cable-McCarthy, Benjamin. "All We Ask for Are the Same Rights and Responsibilities Granted Heterosexual Couples." {National Press Club} 13 Apr. 1998. Fisher, Helen E. {Anatomy of Love}. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 1992. Horn, Wade. "Marriage and Government." {The World & I} 1 Nov. 1997. Longley, Clifford. "Sacred and Profane: What Exactly Do We Mean by a Family?" {The Daily Telegraph} 30 Jan. 1998. Lowry, Suzanne. "The Reinvention of Marriage." {Independence} 6 Oct. 1998. Quale, G. Robina. {A History of Marriage Systems}. Westport: Greenwood Press, Inc, 1988. Shaffern, Robert W. "Christianity and the Rise of the Nuclear Family." {America} 7 May 1994. Williams, Armstrong. "Fading Ring of Wedding Bells." {The Washington Times} 18 July 1999.

Tamil Eelam Issue in Indian Politics

————————————————- Politics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the political magazine, see  The Politic. For other uses, see  Politics (disambiguation). Politics  (from  Greek  politikos  Ã¢â‚¬Å"of, for, or relating to citizens†) is the  art  or  science  of influencing people on a civic, or individual level, when there are more than 2 people involved. Modern political discourse focuses on democracy and the relationship between people and politics. It is thought of as the way we â€Å"choose government officials and make decisions about public policy†. [1] * | ———————————————— [edit]Etymology European Parliament The word  politics  comes from the  Greek  word   (politika), modeled on  Aristotle's â€Å"affairs of the city†, the name of his book on governing and governments, which was rendered in English in the mid-15th century as Latinized â€Å"Polettiques†. [2]  Thus it became â€Å"politics† in  Middle English  c. 1520s (see the  Concise Oxford Dictionary). The singular  politic  first attested in English 1430 and comes from  Middle French  politique, in turn from  Latin  politicus,[3]  which is the  latinisation  of the Greek politikos), meaning amongst others â€Å"of, for, or relating to citizens†, â€Å"civil†, â€Å"civic†, â€Å"belonging to the state†,[4]  in turn from (polites), â€Å"citizen†[5]  and that from (polis), â€Å"city†. [6] ————————————————- [edit]History The history of politics is reflected in the origin and development, and economics of the institutions of  go vernment. [edit]The state Main article:  State (polity) Sun Tzu The origin of the  state  is to be found in the development of the  art of warfare.Historically speaking, all political communities of the modern type owe their existence to successful warfare. [7] Kings, emperors and other types of monarchs in many countries including China and Japan, were considered divine. Of the institutions that ruled states, that ofkingship  stood at the forefront until the French Revolution put an end to the â€Å"divine right of kings†. Nevertheless, the monarchy is among the longest-lasting political institutions, dating as early as 2100 BC in Sumeria[8]  to the 21st Century AD British Monarchy.Kingship becomes an institution through heredity. The king often, even in  absolute monarchies, ruled his kingdom with the aid of an elite group of advisors, a  Council  without which he could not maintain power. As these advisors, and others outside the monarchy negotiated for p ower,  constitutional monarchies  emerged, which may be considered the germ of  constitutional government. [citation needed]  Long before the council became a bulwark of democracy, it rendered invaluable aid to the institution of kingship by:[citation needed] 1.Preserving the institution of kingship through heredity. 2. Preserving the traditions of the social order. 3. Being able to withstand criticism as an impersonal authority. 4. Being able to manage a greater deal of knowledge and action than a single individual such as the king. The greatest of the king's subordinates, the  earls,  archdukes  and  dukes  in England and Scotland, the  dukes  and  counts  in the Continent, always sat as a right on the Council. A conqueror wages war upon the vanquished for vengeance or for plunder but an established kingdom exacts  tribute.One of the functions of the Council is to keep the coffers of the king full. Another is the satisfaction of  military service  a nd the establishment of  lordships  by the king to satisfy the task of collecting taxes and soldiers. [9] [edit]The state and property Property  is the right vested on the individual or a group of people to enjoy the benefits of an object be it material or intellectual. A right is a power enforced by public trust. Sometimes it happens that the exercise of a right is opposed to public trust.Nevertheless, a right is really an institution brought around by public trust, past, present or future. The growth of knowledge is the key to the history of property as an institution. The more man becomes knowledgeable of an object be it physical or intellectual, the more it is appropriated. The appearance of the State brought about the final stage in the evolution of property from wildlife to husbandry. In the presence of the State, man can hold landed property. The State began granting lordships and ended up conferring property and with it came  inheritance.With landed property came ren t and in the exchange of goods, profit, so that in modern times, the â€Å"lord of the land† of long ago becomes the landlord. If it is wrongly assumed that the value of land is always the same, then there is of course no evolution of property whatever. However, the price of land goes up with every increase in population benefitting the landlord. The landlordism of large land owners has been the most rewarded of all political services. In industry, the position of the landlord is less important but in towns which have grown out of an industry, the fortunate landlord has reaped an enormous profit.Towards the latter part of the Middle Ages in Europe, both the State – the State would use the instrument of  confiscation  for the first time to satisfy a debt – and the Church – the Church succeeded in acquiring immense quantities of land – were allied against the village community to displace the small landlord and they were successful to the extent that today, the village has become the ideal of the  individualist, a place in which every man â€Å"does what he wills with his own. † The State has been the most important factor in the evolution of the institution of property be it public or private. 10] [edit]The state and the justice system As a primarily military institution, the State is concerned with the  allegiance  of its subjects viewing disloyalty and  espionage  as well as other sorts of  conspiracies  as detrimental to its national security. Thus arises the law of  treason. Criminal acts in general, breaking the peace and treason make up the whole, or at least part of  criminal law  enforced by the State as distinguished from  the law enforced by private individuals or by the state on behalf of private individuals.State justice has taken the place of clan, feudal, merchant and ecclesiastical justice due to its strength, skill and simplicity. One very striking evidence of the superiority of the royal courts over the feudal and popular courts in the matter of official skill is the fact that, until comparatively late in history, the royal courts alone kept written records of their proceedings. The  trial by jury  was adopted by the Royal Courts, securing it's popularity and making it a bulwark of liberty.By the time of the  Protestant Reformation, with the separation of Church and State, in the most progressive countries, the State succeeded in dealing with the business of administering justice. [11] [edit]The state The making of laws was unknown to primitive societies. That most persistent of all patriarchal societies, the  Jewish, retains to a certain extent its tribal law in the  Gentile  cities of the West. This tribal law is the rudimentary idea of law as it presented itself to people in the patriarchal stage of society, it was  custom  or  observance  sanctioned by the approval and practice of ancestors. citation needed] The state of affairs wh ich existed in the 10th century, when every town had its own laws and nations like France, Germany, Spain and other countries had no national law until the end of the 18th century, was brought to an end by three great agencies that helped to create the modern system of law and legislation:[citation needed] 1. Records:  From the early Middle Ages in Europe there come what are called folk-laws and they appear exactly at the time when the patriarchal is becoming the State.They are due almost universally to one cause: the desire of the king to know the custom of his subjects. These are not legislation in the sense of law-making but statements or declarations of custom. They are drawn from a knowledge of the custom of the people. Unwritten custom changes imperceptibly but not the written. It is always possible to point to the exact text and show what it says. Nevertheless, the written text can change by addition with every new edition. 2.Law Courts:  By taking some general rule which seemed to be common to all the communities and ignoring the differences, English common law was modeled after such a practice so that the law became common in all the districts of the kingdom. The reason why in the rest of Europe, there was no common law till centuries later is because the State in those countries did not get hold of the administration of justice when England did. One of the shrewdest moves by which the English judges pushed their plan of making a common law was by limiting the verdict of the jury in every ase toquestions of fact. At first the jury used to give answers both on law and fact; and being a purely local body, they followed local custom. A famous division came to pass: the province of the judge and the province of the jury. 3. Fictions:  Records and Law Courts were valuable in helping the people adapt to law-making but like Fictions, they were slow and imperfect. Though slowly, Fictions work because it is a well known fact that people will accept a cha nge in the form of a fiction while they would resist it to the end if the fact is out in the open.British parliament Finally there is the enactment of laws or legislation. When progress and development is rapid, the faster method of  political representation  is adopted. This method does not originate in primitive society but in the State need for money and its use of an assembly to raise the same. From the town assembly, a national assembly and the progress of commerce sprang  Parliament  all over Europe around the end of the 12th century but not entirely representative or homogeneous for the nobility and the clergy.The clergy had amassed a fortune in land, about one-fifth of all Christendom but at the time, in the 12th and 13th centuries, the Church was following a policy of isolation; they adopted the rule of  celibacy  and cut themselves from domestic life; they refused to plead in a secular court; they refused to pay taxes to the State on the grounds that they had a lready paid it to the  Pope. Since the main object of the king in holding a national assembly was to collect money, the Church could not be left out and so they came to Parliament.The Church did not like it but in most cases they had to come. [citation needed] The medieval Parliament was complete when it represented all the states in the realm: nobles, clergy, peasants and craftsmen but it was not a popular institution mainly because it meant  taxation. Only by the strongest pressure of the Crown were Parliaments maintained during the first century of their existence and the best proof of this assertion lies in the fact that in those countries where the Crown was weak, Parliament ceased to exist.The notion that parliaments were the result of a democratic movement cannot be supported by historical facts. Originally, the representative side of Parliament was solely concerned with money; representation in Parliament was a liability rather than a privilege. It is not uncommon that a n institution created for one purpose begins to serve another. People who were asked to contribute with large sums of money began to  petition. Pretty soon, sessions in Parliament would turn into bargaining tables, the king granting petitions in exchange for money.However, there were two kinds of petitions, one private and the other public and it was from this last that laws were adopted or  legislation  originated. The king as head of State could give orders to preserve territorial integrity but not until these royal enactments were combined with public petition that successful legislation ever took place. Even to the present day, this has always been the basis of all successful legislation: public custom is adopted and enforced by the State. citation needed] In the early days of political representation, the  majority  did not necessarily carry the day and there was very little need for contested  elections  but by the beginning of the 15th century, a seat in Parliam ent was something to be cherished. Historically speaking, the dogma of the equality of man is the result of the adoption of the purely practical machinery of the majority but the adoption of the majority principle is also responsible for another institution of modern times: the  party system.The party system is an elaborate piece of machinery that pits at least two political candidates against each other for the vote of an electorate; its advantage being equal representation interesting a large number of people in politics; it provides effective criticism of the government in power and it affords an outlet for the ambition of a large number of wealthy and educated people guaranteeing a consistent policy in government. citation needed] These three institutions: political representation, majority rule and the party system are the basic components of modern political machinery; they are applicable to both central and local governments and are becoming by their adaptability ends in th emselves rather than a machinery to achieve some purpose. [12] [edit]The state and the executive system The administration is one of the most difficult aspects of government.In the enactment and enforcement of laws, the victory of the State is complete but not so in regards to administration the reason being that it is easy to see the advantage of the enactment and enforcement of laws but not the administration of domestic, religious and business affairs which should be kept to a minimum by government. [citation needed] The  German Chancellery(Bundeskanzleramt) in  Berlin Originally, the state was a military institution. For many years, it was just a territory ruled by a king who was surrounded by a small elite group of warriors and court officials and it was basically rule by force over a larger mass of people.Slowly, however, the people gained political representation for none can really be said to be a member of the State without the right of having a voice in the direction o f policy making. One of the basic functions of the State in regards to administration is maintaining peace and internal order; it has no other excuse for interfering in the lives of its citizens. To maintain law and order the State develops means ofcommunication. Historically, the â€Å"king's highway† was laid down and maintained for the convenience of the royal armies not as an incentive to  commerce.In almost all countries, the State maintains the control of the means of communication and special freedoms such as those delineated in the  First Amendment to the United States Constitution  are rather limited. The State's original function of maintaining law and order within its borders gave rise to  police  administration which is a branch of the dispensation of  Justice  but on its preventive side, police jurisdiction has a special character of its own, which distinguishes it from ordinary judicial work.In thecurfew, the State shows early in history the import ance of preventing disorder. In early days, next to maintaining law and order, the State was concerned with the raising of  revenue. It was then useful to the State to establish a  standard  of  weights and measures  so that value could be generally accepted and finally the State acquired a  monopoly  of  coinage. The regulation of labor by the State as one of its functions dates from the 15th century, when  the Black Plague  killed around half of the European population. citation needed] The invariable policy of the State has always been to break down all intermediate authorities and to deal directly with the individual. This was the policy until  Adam Smith's  The Wealth of Nations  was published promoting a strong public reaction against State interference. By its own action, the State raised the issue of the poor or the State relief of the  indigent. The State, of course, did not create poverty but by destroying the chief agencies which dealt with t s uch as the village, the church and the  guilds, it practically assumed full responsibility for the poor without exercising any power over it. The Great Poor Law Report of 1834 showed that  communism  was widespread in the rural areas of England. In newly developed countries such as the  colonies  of the  British Empire, the State has refused to take responsibility for the poor and the relief of poverty, although the poor classes lean heavily towards State socialism. citation needed] Taking into account the arguably significant powers of the State, it is only natural that in times of great crisis such as an overwhelming calamity the people should invoke general State aid. [citation needed] Political representation has helped to shape State administration. When the voice of the individual can be heard, the danger of arbitrary interference by the State is greatly reduced. To that extent is the increase of State activity popular.There are no hard and fast rules to limit Stat e administration but it is a fallacy to believe that the State is the nation and what the State does is necessarily for the good of the nation. In the first place, even in modern times, the State and the nation are never identical. Even where â€Å"universal suffrage† prevails, the fact remains that an extension of State administration means an increased interference of some by others, limiting freedom of action. Even if it is admitted that State and nation are one and the same, it is sometimes difficult to admit that State administration is necessarily good.Finally, the modern indiscriminate advocacy of State administration conceals the fallacy that State officials must necessarily prove more effective in their action than  private enterprise. Herein lies the basic difference between  Public  and  Business Administration; the first deals with the  public weal  while the second deals basically in  profit  but both require a great deal of  education  and  ethical conduct  to avoid the mishaps inherent in the relationship not only relating to  business  and  labour  but also the State and the people administrating its  government. 13] [edit]The varieties of political experience The swearing of the oath of ratification of the treaty of Munster in 1648  (1648) by  Gerard ter Borch. According to Aristotle, States are classified into  monarchies,  aristocracies,  timocracies,  democracies,  oligarchies, and  tyrannies. Due to an increase in knowledge of the history of politics, this classification has been abandoned. Generally speaking, no form of government could be considered the absolute best, as it would have to be the perfect form under all circumstances, for all people and in all ways.As an institution created by the human nature togovern society, it is vulnerable to  abuse by people for their own gain, no matter what form of government a state utillises, thus posing that there is no ‘best' form of government. All States are varieties of a single type, the sovereign State. All the  Great Powers  of the modern world rule on the principle of  sovereignty. Sovereign power may be vested on an individual as in an  autocratic government  or it may be vested on a group as in a constitutional government.Constitutions  are written documents that specify and limit the powers of the different branches of government. Although a Constitution is a written document, there is also an unwritten Constitution. The unwritten constitution is continually being written by the Legislative branch of government; this is just one of those cases in which the nature of the circumstances determines the form of government that is most appropriate. Nevertheless, the written constitution is essential.England did set the fashion of written constitutions during the  Civil War  but after the  Restoration  abandoned them to be taken up later by the  American Colonies  after their  ema ncipation  and then  France  after the  Revolution  and the rest of Europe including the European colonies. [citation needed] There are two forms of government, one a strong central government as in France and the other a local government such as the ancient divisions in England that is comparatively weaker but less bureaucratic.These two forms helped to shape the  federal government, first in Switzerland, then in the United States in 1776, in Canada in 1867 and in Germany in 1870 and in the 20th century,  Australia. The Federal States introduced the new principle of agreement or  contract. Compared to a  federation, a  confederation's singular weakness is that it lacks  judicial power. [citation needed]  In the  American Civil War, the contention of the Confederate States that a State could  secede  from the Union was untenable because of the power enjoyed by the Federal government in the executive, legislative and judiciary branches. citation needed] According to professor  A. V. Dicey  in  An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, the essential features of a federal constitution are: a) A written supreme constitution in order to prevent disputes between the jurisdictions of the Federal and State authorities; b) A distribution of power between the Federal and State governments and c) A Supreme Court vested with the power to interpret the Constitution and enforce the law of the land remaining independent of both the executive and legislative branches. 14] [edit]Political party Main article:  political party A  political party  is a  political organization  that typically seeks to attain and maintain political power within  government, usually by participating in  electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions. Parties often espouse an expressed  ideology  or vision bolstered by a written  platform  with specific goals, forming a  coalition  among disparate interests . [citation needed] [edit]World politics The  United Nations  building in  New York CityThe 20th century witnessed the outcome of two world wars and not only the rise and fall of the  Third Reich  but also the rise and fall of  communism. The development of the  Atomic bomb  gave the United States a more rapid end to its conflict in Japan in  World War II. Later, the development of the  Hydrogen bombbecame the ultimate weapon of mass destruction. The  United Nations  has served as a forum for peace in a world threatened by nuclear war. â€Å"The invention of nuclear and space weapons has made war unacceptable as an instrument for achieving political ends. [15]  Although an all-out final nuclear holocaust is out of the question for man, â€Å"nuclear blackmail† comes into question not only on the issue of world peace but also on the issue of national sovereignty. [16]  On a Sunday in 1962, the world stood still at the brink of nuclear war during th e October  Cuban missile crisis  from the implementation of  U. S. vs  U. S. S. R. nuclear blackmail policy. ————————————————- [edit]As an academic disciplinePolitical science, the study of politics, examines the acquisition and application of  power. [17]  Political scientist  Harold Lasswell  defined politics as â€Å"who gets what, when, and how†. [18]  Related areas of study include  political philosophy, which seeks a rationale for politics and an ethic of public behaviour,  political economy, which attempts to develop understandings of the relationships between politics and the economy and the governance of the two, and  public administration, which examines the practices of governance. citation needed]  The philosopher  Charles Blattberg, who has defined politics as â€Å"responding to conflict with dialogue,† offers an acco unt which distinguishes political philosophies from political ideologies. [19] The first academic chair devoted to politics in the United States was the chair of history and political science at  Columbia University, first occupied by Prussian emigre  Francis Lieber  in 1857. [20] ————————————————- [edit]SpectraPolitical views differ on average across nations. A recreation of the Inglehart–Welzel Cultural Map of the World based on the  World Values Survey. Main article:  Political spectrum Several different  political spectrums  have been proposed. [edit]Left-right politics Main article:  Left–right politics Recently in history, political analysts and politicians divide politics into  left wing  and  right wing  politics, often also using the idea of center politics as a middle path of policy between the right and left.This classificat ion is comparatively recent (it was not used by  Aristotle  or  Hobbes, for instance), and dates from theFrench Revolution  era, when those members of the  National Assembly  who supported the  republic, the common people and a  secular society  sat on the left and supporters of the  monarchy,  aristocratic  privilege and the Church sat on the right. [21] The meanings behind the labels have become more complicated over the years. A particularly influential event was the publication of the  Communist Manifesto  by  Karl Marx  and  Frederick Engels  in 1848.The  Manifesto  suggested a course of action for a  proletarian  revolution to overthrow thebourgeois  society and abolish private property, in the belief that this would lead to a  classless  and  stateless  society. [citation needed] The meaning of left-wing and right-wing varies considerably between different countries and at different times, but generally speaking, it can be said that the right wing often values  tradition  and  social stratification  while the left wing often values  reform  and  egalitarianism, with the center seeking a balance between the two such as with  social democracy  or  regulated capitalism. 22] According to  Norberto Bobbio, one of the major exponents of this distinction, the Left believes in attempting to eradicate social inequality, while the Right regards most social inequality as the result of ineradicable natural inequalities, and sees attempts to enforce social equality as utopian or authoritarian. [23] Some ideologies, notably  Christian Democracy, claim to combine left and right wing politics; according to Geoffrey K.Roberts and Patricia Hogwood, â€Å"In terms of ideology, Christian Democracy has incorporated many of the views held by liberals, conservatives and socialists within a wider framework of moral and Christian principles. â€Å"[24]  Movements which claim or formerly claimed to be above the left-right divide include  Fascist  Terza Posizioneeconomic politics in Italy,  Gaullism  in France,  Peronism  in Argentina, and  National Action Politics  in Mexico. [citation needed] [edit]Authoritarian-libertarian politics Authoritarianism  and  libertarianism  refer to the amount of individual  freedom  each person possesses in that society relative to the state.One author describes authoritarian political systems as those where â€Å"individual  rights  and goals are subjugated to group goals, expectations and conformities†,[25]  while libertarians generally oppose the  state  and hold theindividual  as  sovereign. In their purest form, libertarians are  anarchists, who argue for the total abolition of the state, of  Political parties  and of  other political entities, while the purest authoritarians are, theoretically,  totalitarians  who support state control over all aspects of  society. citation nee ded] For instance,  classical liberalism  (also known as  laissez-faire  liberalism,[26]  or, in much of the world, simply  liberalism) is a doctrine stressing individual freedom and  limited government. This includes the importance of human rationality, individual  property rights,  free markets,  natural rights, the protection of  civil liberties, constitutional limitation of government, and individual freedom from restraint as exemplified in the writings of  John Locke,  Adam Smith,  David Hume,  David Ricardo,  Voltaire,  Montesquieu  and others.According to the libertarian  Institute for Humane Studies, â€Å"the libertarian, or ‘classical liberal,' perspective is that individual well-being, prosperity, and social harmony are fostered by ‘as much liberty as possible' and ‘as little government as necessary. ‘†[27]  For anarchist political philosopher  L. Susan Brown  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Liberalism and  anarchism   are two political philosophies that are fundamentally concerned with individual  freedom  yet differ from one another in very distinct ways. Anarchism shares with liberalism a radical commitment to individual freedom while rejecting liberalism's competitive property relations. [28] ————————————————- [edit]Political corruption Main article:  Political corruption â€Å"| Unlimited power is apt to corrupt the minds of those who possess it. | †|   | —  William Pitt the Elder[29]| | Political corruption  is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as  repression  of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption.Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties. [citation needed] Forms of corruption vary, but include  bribery,  extortion,  cronyism,  nepotism,  patronage,  graft, and  embezzlement. While corruption may facilitate  criminal enterprise  such as  drug trafficking,  money laundering, and  trafficking, it is not restricted to these activities. citation needed]  The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, certain political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or poorly defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. [citation needed] Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. [30]  A state of unrestrained

College Essay on Rosa Parks

College Essay on Rosa Parks College Essay on Rosa Parks There are people whose role in the history of the mankind cannot be underestimated. There are people to whom we are grateful for the way the world we live in looks like. One of those people is Rosa Parks. She is notable for an action which led to the racial equality nowadays. This action seems ordinary nowadays, but at that time, in 1955, it was an act of disobedience to the laws of that time, that were unfair from her point of view. It all happened on December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama. At that time, the first four seats were reserved for white people, and when they were all occupied, a black person from the seats behind the first four had to give up their seat to a white passenger. What Rosa Parks did was to refuse to give up her seat to a white man saying she thought she was not obliged to do that. As a result, she was arrested afterwards. Actually, this was not the first incident of this kind. But this was the first one that received much publicity. Rosa Parks was soon bailed out of prison, but she convinced herself that this was the last time she would be humiliated in the public transport. Her friend Edgar Nixon, the president of Montgomery chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, decided to use this situation to start a bus boycott in Montgomery. The aim was to abolish segregation laws at least in the public transport in Montgomery. The boycott lasted for 381 days, and in 1956 the Supreme Court deemed that the segregation on the public transport was unconstitutional. Rosa Parks is regarded to be the â€Å"Mother of Civil Rights Movement.† However she feels a little bit modest about it: â€Å"Four decades later I am still uncomfortable with the credit given to me for starting the bus boycott. I would like (people) to know I was not the only person involved. I was just one of many who fought for freedom.† (History Learning Site) A lot of people were fighting for equal rights in the USA at that time. However it was Rosa Parks who had become a popular figure, the one who inspired the following actions that are now called the Civil Rights Movement. Actually, Martin Luther King was a baptist pastor at that time, but after he found out about Rosas brave action, he became one of the leaders of Montgomery Bus Boycott. Now we know Martin Luther King for his contribution to the establishing of the race equality in the USA, as well as throughout the world, his famous speech titled â€Å"I have a dream† is cited as one of the best speeches that call for racial equality. We dont want to underestimate the role of people like Martin Luther King or Ella Baker. But it was actually Rosa Parks who was courageous enough to be the first one to rise in rebellion against inequality. Rosa Parks. HistoryLearningSite.co.uk. 2014. Web. At custom writing company you can buy a college paper  online. Our professional writers will prepare a great-quality college essay  for you.

Free Essays on Winter Visitors

As winter approaches, many elderly â€Å"snowbirds† have returned to Florida to enjoy the mild weather. Because of several â€Å"close encounters† with elderly drivers who were driving erratically, the writer wished to discover if those individuals have more accidents than do their younger counterparts. A casual review of the literature shows that older drivers become more crash-prone with age, even though they drive less miles. In addition, because older drivers are more fragile, their fatality rates are 17 times higher than those of 25- to 64-year olds. The problem at hand is the high accident and death rate associated with a large population of elderly drivers. Last year, a woman sitting in the nail salon, enjoying a refreshing manicure looked up to see a bright red Cadillac coming through the shop window, stopping just short of a startled patron. Fortunately, no one was injured. The newspaper report of this incident stated that the 87 year old driver was in a hurry to get to her appointment, and drove into the parking lot at an excessive speed. When she thought she was putting her foot on the brake, she actually stepped on the accelerator and drove through the window. The newspaper also stated that this was not an uncommon cause of similar accidents- thinking that the accelerator pedal was the brake pedal. America is undergoing a major demographic transformation. The â€Å" graying of America† has resulted in an increase in the number of elderly drivers. Drivers over 70 years of age number 18 million today, up from 13 million in 1985. Why do these very experienced drives have such an excessive number of accidents? Although driving seems an easy activity, it actually requires the complex coordination of many different skills. Sometimes, when elderly drivers are the ones behind the wheel, this coordination is hard to accomplish. Older drivers experience physical changes that can affect driving ability such as: changes in v... Free Essays on Winter Visitors Free Essays on Winter Visitors As winter approaches, many elderly â€Å"snowbirds† have returned to Florida to enjoy the mild weather. Because of several â€Å"close encounters† with elderly drivers who were driving erratically, the writer wished to discover if those individuals have more accidents than do their younger counterparts. A casual review of the literature shows that older drivers become more crash-prone with age, even though they drive less miles. In addition, because older drivers are more fragile, their fatality rates are 17 times higher than those of 25- to 64-year olds. The problem at hand is the high accident and death rate associated with a large population of elderly drivers. Last year, a woman sitting in the nail salon, enjoying a refreshing manicure looked up to see a bright red Cadillac coming through the shop window, stopping just short of a startled patron. Fortunately, no one was injured. The newspaper report of this incident stated that the 87 year old driver was in a hurry to get to her appointment, and drove into the parking lot at an excessive speed. When she thought she was putting her foot on the brake, she actually stepped on the accelerator and drove through the window. The newspaper also stated that this was not an uncommon cause of similar accidents- thinking that the accelerator pedal was the brake pedal. America is undergoing a major demographic transformation. The â€Å" graying of America† has resulted in an increase in the number of elderly drivers. Drivers over 70 years of age number 18 million today, up from 13 million in 1985. Why do these very experienced drives have such an excessive number of accidents? Although driving seems an easy activity, it actually requires the complex coordination of many different skills. Sometimes, when elderly drivers are the ones behind the wheel, this coordination is hard to accomplish. Older drivers experience physical changes that can affect driving ability such as: changes in v...

Developing Management Skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Developing Management Skills - Assignment Example The management style may end up frustrating the manager’s efforts in relation to deriving support from employees. Psychological resiliency is the ability to endure psychological risk factors/ stressors without exhibiting psychological dysfunction (such as post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD). On the other hand, social resiliency is the ability to withstand stressors that emanate from the social and environmental spheres. In addition, social resilience is an analytical framework that emanates from the concept of social vulnerability whereas psychological resilience emanates from psychological stressors. Individuals can manage personal stress from the work-life balance by adopting the analytical framework that forms the foundations of social resiliency. The work-life balance entails the coping, adaptive, and transformative capacities that represent social resilience. Stress levels are significantly reduced when the work-life balance is approached with the three ‘pillars’ of social resiliency. Psychological resiliency is the best possible mechanism to respond to an experience of personal failure. For example, an individual may set performance benchmarks in his or her area of expertise. Such benchmarks could be accompanied by rewards. The benchmarks and rewards would act as intrinsic and extrinsic motivators of success in an attempt to erase the previous experience of personal failure. The analytical problem-solving approach commences with defining the problem. This step involves differentiating objective and subjective opinions while specifying the underlying causes of the problem. It is at this step that all the relevant parties are tapped for information to identify whose problem it is. In addition, this step avoids ambiguity on how the problem is presented. On the other hand, the creative problem-solving approach commences with preparation. This stage is simple and is limited by scope.  

A Cultural Geography of Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Cultural Geography of Childhood - Essay Example Several of these, the first portion or set of the collection, reflects an English child's experiences, and the second set are my global perspective of other children's culture, or perceived existence as may be influenced by media and other forms of information. All throughout this essay, I have incorporated texts from readings about childhood and culture.Photography is a form of art aided by technology that captures in one scene what could have been or what might happen, or exactly what is happening with the subject or subjects, in connection with the present background, at this point, his or her environment. This could either be perceived, apparent, or as interpreted by circumstantial evidence presented by the image which is called the photo. Through photography, various forms of messages, interpretations as well as representation of culture, tradition and practices are depicted. These representations embody existing as well as ideal forms of what should be or what can be, but in mo st cases, also depict what are prevalent in society. With photos of children, these depictions are quite difficult to mask or hide. Thus, they become iconographic, as is "truth" at the moment. There had been moments in time that "childhood" according to Aries (1962) did not exist as in the middle ages, although this has been criticised as inaccurate (Hanawalt, 1995) where children were controlled and restrained. Aries went on to describe children as "little adults" although modern researches also pointed out that there had been separation of a "child" and "adult" starting in medieval Europe, of which, occurrences must have ignited these change. This essay, nevertheless, will progress with modern studies that have careful consideration of how children interact with adults and the factors that affect or shape children's general views as well as their present state. First Set I have an ordinary, normal childhood experience in the United Kingdom. I stayed around at the house for most of my early memories of childhood and my mum and dad served as big people that have to look after me and my needs. I have chosen this first set to depict, what for me is a "normal" childhood. Normal in the sense that there were no extraordinary occurrences such as physical or mental abuse, early detachment of a child to his or her parents, disability experiences, among other life-changing courses. This first photo depicts a toddler and her dad in formal outfit: he in tuxedo and the baby girl in chiffon dress. At the viewpoint of ordinary audience or watcher, this was taken during a special occasion, and it could be a wedding, a church or holy day, or any event that prompts the family, which is the mother, the father and the child, or children, to dress up and join a congregation, a community, or family gathering. (1ST PHOTO/Father & TODDLER) This second photo depicts a pre-school or day care child with his buddy. They are both of about the same age range between 3-5 years old and are in the stage of discovering friendship or comradeship, as well as belonging and acceptance. Considering their skin and hair colour, as well as their outfit, both children belong to a middle class or well-off family and society. This could mean their basic needs were well-taken cared off, and with the smile and facial glow of the blond child, he appears to be contented and secured, while the other child seem to have been influenced a little with the happiness or enthusiasm